As an outdoor writer and hunter with over a decade of experience, I’ve fielded countless questions about shotgun gauges. It’s a surprisingly complex topic, especially for newcomers. Understanding the differences between a 12ga bore diameter and a 20 gauge vs 28 gauge shotgun is crucial for everything from upland bird hunting to clay shooting. This guide will demystify the world of shotgun gauges, covering shell weight, velocity, and helping you determine which gauge – and shell – is best suited for your specific needs. We’ll also address why some shells, like 28 gauge shells, can be surprisingly expensive.
The term "gauge" is a bit archaic, stemming from the practice of determining the bore size by the number of lead balls, each with the same diameter as the bore, it would take to weigh one pound. So, a 12-gauge shotgun means it takes 12 lead balls to equal a pound, indicating a larger bore. Conversely, a 28-gauge shotgun requires 28 lead balls. Therefore, a lower gauge number means a larger bore diameter. This is often a point of confusion for beginners!
While many gauges exist, a few dominate the American shooting landscape:
Let's get specific about the actual bore diameters. Understanding these numbers helps visualize the differences:
| Gauge | Bore Diameter (inches) | Approximate Shell Weight (oz) - #6 Shot |
|---|---|---|
| 12 Gauge | 0.729 | 1 1/8 oz |
| 20 Gauge | 0.615 | 3/4 oz |
| 28 Gauge | 0.550 | 3/4 oz |
As you can see, the 12 gauge bore diameter is significantly larger than the 20 gauge bore diameter, and the 28 gauge is the smallest of the three. This difference impacts recoil, shell capacity, and pattern density.
Choosing the right shell is just as important as choosing the right gauge. Factors to consider include the game you're hunting, the distance to the target, and your personal recoil tolerance. Let's look at some common scenarios.
For pheasant, quail, and grouse, both 20 gauge vs 28 gauge shotguns are excellent choices. The 20 gauge offers more forgiving patterns and slightly more energy, making it a good all-around option. A 20 gauge 3 inch pheasant load can deliver significant knockdown power. However, the 28 gauge is gaining traction among experienced hunters who appreciate its lighter recoil and challenging nature. It forces you to be a more precise shooter. Many hunters find a 28 gauge shotgun slugs sufficient for close-range situations, though it's not ideal for longer shots.
When it comes to ducks and geese, the 12 gauge reigns supreme. Waterfowl are larger and tougher birds, requiring more energy to bring down cleanly. While a 20 gauge can be used, the 12 gauge provides a significant advantage in range, pattern density, and stopping power. You’ll often see hunters using 12 gauge 6 shot pheasant loads for ducks, but heavier loads are often preferred for geese. Understanding 12 gauge fps (feet per second) is important when selecting a load – higher velocity generally translates to flatter trajectories and more energy on target.
Both 12 and 20 gauge shotguns are popular for sporting clays and skeet. The 12 gauge offers more forgiving patterns, while the 20 gauge’s lighter recoil can allow for faster follow-up shots. The choice often comes down to personal preference and shooting style. Many competitive shooters prefer the 12 gauge for its ability to consistently break targets at longer ranges.
You're right to ask! Why are 28 gauge shells so expensive? The answer lies in lower production volumes. The 28 gauge is a niche market compared to the 12 and 20 gauge, resulting in higher per-shell manufacturing costs. Demand is lower, and economies of scale don't apply as readily. This translates to a higher price tag for the consumer.
Shotgun shells come in different lengths, most commonly 2 3/4 inch and 3 inch. A 3-inch shell contains more powder and shot, resulting in higher velocity and greater range. However, not all shotguns can chamber 3-inch shells – check your shotgun’s specifications before using them. Using a 3-inch shell in a shotgun not designed for it can be dangerous. Generally, 2 3/4 inch shells are sufficient for most hunting and sporting applications.
Recoil is a significant factor, especially for new shooters or those sensitive to it. The shotgun shell weight and the gauge both contribute to recoil. A heavier shell in a larger gauge will generate more recoil. The 28 gauge is known for its light recoil, making it a good choice for those who want to minimize discomfort. Using recoil-reducing pads and proper shooting technique can also help manage recoil.
You might occasionally hear about a six gauge shotgun. These are extremely rare and powerful, historically used for market hunting (now illegal). They are not practical for modern sporting or hunting purposes and are largely collector's items. The shells are massive and recoil is brutal.
I always recommend consulting reputable sources for more in-depth information:
Choosing the right shotgun gauge and shell is a personal decision. Consider your intended use, physical capabilities, and budget. Don't hesitate to seek advice from experienced shooters or visit a local gun range to try out different gauges before making a purchase. Understanding the nuances of 12 bore vs 12 gauge (they are essentially the same) and the differences between 20ga vs 28ga will empower you to make an informed choice and enjoy a safe and successful shooting experience.